Postpartum depression, or PPD, is a debilitating, potentially life-threatening mental health condition that impacts about one in eight people who give birth in the U.S. While it’s normal to feel worried or stressed after becoming a parent, PPD can cause feelings of extreme sadness or anxiety that may lead to suicidal thoughts.
Read on to learn what PPD is, what causes it, how it’s treated, and more.
What is the difference between the baby blues and postpartum depression?
Postpartum blues, or the “baby blues,” impact up to 80 percent of new parents. The baby blues may cause bouts of crying, mood swings, anxiety, sadness, reduced concentration, irritability, changes in appetite, and trouble sleeping, but symptoms are fleeting.
“Baby blues are a transient period—hours to a few days—of emotionality that does not impair one’s functioning or cause severe symptoms like suicidality,” says Dr. Jennifer L. Payne, a professor of psychiatry and neurobehavioral sciences at the University of Virginia. “[Postpartum depression] can cause severe symptoms, including suicidality.”
In addition to causing more debilitating symptoms, PPD can last for months.
Some new parents also experience postpartum psychosis, which can cause hallucinations and delusions. However, unlike PPD, postpartum psychosis is rare.
What are the symptoms of postpartum depression?
PPD symptoms may include:
- Feeling depressed, irritable, angry, or hopeless
- Severe mood swings
- Difficulty bonding with your baby
- Withdrawing from family and friends
- Changes in appetite or sleeping patterns
- Extreme fatigue
- Difficulty concentrating
- Anxiety and panic attacks
- Thoughts of harming yourself or your baby
- Thoughts of death or suicide
If you are experiencing symptoms of PPD, Payne recommends seeking help from a primary care provider or obstetrician right away.
“It’s really important—not just for you, but for your baby,” Payne explains. “Babies exposed to significant PPD have slower language development, lower IQs, and more behavioral problems.”
Your health care provider will ask you a series of screening questions to determine if you are experiencing PPD.
What causes postpartum depression?
Research suggests that the drop in hormones that occurs after birth, genetics, and sleep deprivation may contribute to PPD.
You may be at higher risk of developing PPD if you have a history of mental health conditions like depression or bipolar disorder, have relatives who’ve experienced PPD, or experienced stressful events during or after pregnancy.
How is postpartum depression treated?
“PPD is usually treated with antidepressant medications—typically SSRIs and now with the new FDA-approved medication, zuranolone,” says Payne. Therapy has also been shown to help people manage PPD.
Your health care provider can help determine the best treatment options for you and can outline the risks and benefits of taking certain medications while breastfeeding.
For referrals to care, information about local support groups, and other mental health resources for new parents, call the National Maternal Mental Health Hotline or Postpartum Support International. If you are experiencing a mental health emergency, call or text the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline.
Can non-birthing parents have postpartum depression?
New parents who did not give birth, including cisgender men, may experience anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue, and changes in appetite or sleeping patterns after a partner gives birth.
“Everyone knows that mothers’ hormones change a lot during and after pregnancy,” psychologist Scott Bea said in a 2019 Cleveland Clinic article. “But there’s evidence that fathers also experience real changes in their hormone levels after a baby is born.”
Adoptive parents may also show similar symptoms.
If you or anyone you know is considering suicide or self-harm or is anxious, depressed, upset, or needs to talk, call the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline at 988 or text the Crisis Text Line at 741-741. For international resources, here is a good place to begin.